Dziś obchodzimy 20. rocznicę przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej. 1 maja 2004 roku Polska wraz z dziewięcioma innymi państwami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej i regionu Morza Śródziemnego uzyskała pełnoprawne członkostwo we wspólnocie.
„1 maja 2004 roku to był bardzo dobry dzień dla Polski. Kilka pokoleń marzyło, by powrócić do politycznej wspólnoty zachodniego świata, zjednoczonej Europy i stało się to naszym wspólnym udziałem” – Prezydent Andrzej Duda.
Polska jest największym beneficjentem członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej wśród wszystkich krajów regionu, które przystąpiły do Wspólnoty w 2004 r. i latach późniejszych. W branży przetwórstwa przemysłowego Polska odnotowała największą skalę wzrostu w UE. Pomiędzy 2004 r. a 2022 r. PKB Polski zwiększyło się dwukrotnie, przykładowo gospodarki Czech i Węgier w tym czasie wzrosły jedynie o około połowę. Największa dotychczas ekspansja UE przekształciła krajobraz geopolityczny. Unia Europejska obecnie stoi przed wieloma wyzwaniami wewnętrznymi i zewnętrznymi. Poniżej zebrane zostały dotychczasowe badania pracowników Instytutu Ekonomii i Finansów dotyczące wieloaspektowego wpływu rozszerzenia UE. Nasze badania skupiają się na aspektach gospodarczych, społecznych i politycznych, wpływie rozszerzenia UE i procesu europeizacji na stan finansów publicznych oraz efektach dążenia do transformacji energetycznej.
Abstract: The aim of the article is to analyse the diversity of the level of eco-innovation in the EU Member States in the field of resource efficiency. For this purpose, the resource efficiency outcomes indicator and its sub-indicators were used. The study was prepared on the basis of data from the General Directorate for the Environment. Using positional statistical measures, an analysis of the diversification of the eco-innovation level of the European Union Member States in 2012-2021 was carried out, and the trends of changes in this differentiation were identified. The analysis showed that the difference between the level of eco-innovation in the indicators studied in the EU Member States does not decrease, and there is still a very large difference between the most and the least innovative countries. To date, we have not found this kind of research, so the research carried out fills the research gap in this area.
Abstract: Innovation, especially eco-innovation (eco-innovation), is an important element of modern economic systems. The aim of this paper is to assess resource efficiency indicators considering them from the perspective of the level of eco-innovation in EU countries. Based on an analysis of the available literature, the paper focuses on the issues of measuring eco-innovation. The article, based on the analysis of the available literature on the subject, focuses on the issues of measuring eco-innovation. Then, the available eco-innovation indicators were used and statistical data for 2021 were analysed. Data was collected from European Commission reports. The analysis of selected indicators was presented both for Poland and for the other EU countries, which made international comparisons possible. Then, through the so-called indicator monitoring, the stage of development of eco-innovation was determined for each country. The eco-innovation indicator is one of the most important indicators in the field of environmental protection. The implementation of eco-innovation is therefore aimed at stimulating sustainable development.
Abstract: Although a large number of publications are devoted to analyzing the relationship between financial development and economic growth, we focused on the answer to the question that sustainable development is accompanied by financial development in particular European Union countries. To our best knowledge, it is a new and original research approach that addresses important research gaps. A synthetic indicator based on 13 variables was built to assess the level of sustainable development, taking into account the financial aspect. Fuzzy logic was used to assess the relationship between the level of sustainable development and financial development. It is an original and novel approach. The research results showed significant differences between the north and south and Europe’s east and west. The highest levels of the synthetic measure for all analyzed periods were recorded for Sweden, Finland, and Denmark, and the lowest for Lithuania (2013), Cyprus (2014–2015), and Bulgaria (2016–2021). Over the nine years covered by the analysis, the level of sustainable development, considering the financial aspect, improved in two countries: Germany and Portugal, but deteriorated in six: Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, Romania, and Slovenia. In all analyzed years, the higher the level of the synthetic measure (sustainable development), the higher the value of the financial development index (FDI index). When developing sustainable development policies, policymakers should consider their links with financial development and the policy of developing and regulating financial markets. Financial markets are essential for sustainability, and finance is a crucial driver of sustainable development.
Abstract: Autor porusza zagadnienia dotyczące wpływu załamania się systemu z Bretton Woods na monetarną integrację Europy.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to examine the capacity for managing the public finance risk in European Union countries posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Research has been conducted for the years between 1999 and 2020, broken down into respective periods. It is hypothesised that the management of the EU public finance risk amid the corona crisis will be determined differently for euro area countries and other EU member states, and depend on a strong protectionist policy manifesting itself in the introduction of non-standard values of subsidies and social transfers at the expense of higher public debt. The results obtained indicate the growing role of the state in driving the social and economic development in all EU countries.
Abstract: The study aims to identify the degree of direct payments concentration in selected Central and Eastern European Member States (compared to the entire EU) and outline the perspectives and recommendations for the next programming period. The spatial scope of the study includes Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Bulgaria. The time scope covers the period 2009–2019. The survey indicates that the payments distribution in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and to a lesser extent also in Poland, is highly unbalanced. The analysed countries used the redistribution instruments, optional for the Member States, which were introduced by the 2013 CAP reform, to a moderate extent, in order to ensure a more even funds distribution between the beneficiaries. It cannot be ruled out that instruments ensuring a more even funds distribution would be politically easier to introduce at the EU level than at the national level. Nevertheless, also in the next financial perspective, in line with the subsidiarity principle, this issue is left to the Member States.
Abstract: The most important element in the recent reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, which is intended to reduce the concentration of aid distributed under the direct support system, is the so-called redistributive payment. The redistributive effects of this instrument depend on its specific form implemented at the national level, the level of funding, and the area structure of holdings in a given country. The objective of this paper is to compare the targeting of the support distributed under the redistributive payment in the three new Member States of the European Union – Bulgaria, Lithuania and Poland. In order to achieve this objective, it was established which area groups of holdings benefit from (and which lose out on) the application of the redistributive payment in each country. In addition, the average amount of support for a holding per hectare of agricultural area, and the percentage change in this support due to the introduction of the redistributive payment, depending on the size of the holding, in individual countries, are shown as a function. The source material was the data made available by the ministries of agriculture of the countries under analysis, relating to 2018.
Abstract: Eco-innovation is an important factor of economic growth in the modern economy. For this reason, the European Union places great emphasis on analyzing the level of eco-innovation of member economies. An instrument used for this purpose is the Eco-Innovation Scoreboard, which illustrates how the level of eco-innovation in member countries differs from the EU average. In the face of growing environmental problems, the role of undertakings minimizing the negative impact of economic activity on the environment is constantly increasing. Eco-innovations play an important role in this process. The aim of the paper is to analyze the differentiation of the level of eco-innovation in the EU countries as well as the analysis of the sub-indices that make up this indicator. The paper uses a descriptive method, an analysis of the dynamics of change over time of the indicators and statistical methods to assess the diversity of indicators between the individual Member States.
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the relationship between the Eco-innovation and the level of the economic development. The aim of the research was to confirm the hypothesis that countries with a higher level of economic development are also characterized by a higher level of eco-innovation. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was prepared on the basis of data on the Euro-pean Union, due to the large role that this organization attaches to this issue. For this pur-pose, the correlation of the GDP per capita in constant price with the index Eco-IS was ex-amined. Due to the nature of the data and their distribution, it was decided to use the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Findings: The analysis confirmed largely the hypothesis of a relatively large correlation of GDP and Eco-IS, but it was expected that this correlation would be higher. In addition, it was not expected that in recent years there would be a downward trend. Practical Implications: The development of eco-innovation is a necessary ‘tool’ to perma-nently reduce human pressure on the environment and efficient use of natural resources. Increasingly literature emphasizes the role of eco-innovation as one of the basic factors of sustainable development. It seems that economic development should entail greater concern for the environment and the development of eco-innovation. Originality/Value: There are no analyses indicating a link between the level of the eco-innovation and the level of the economic development. This study contributes to further research on this issue.
Abstract: The subject of the paper is an empirical analysis and assessment of the costs that result from substituting a national currency with the euro. These costs take the form of lack of individual monetary policy that can be used to stabilise business fluctuations and of the exchange rate that could help regain competitiveness lost as a result of exogenous, asymmetric shocks or divergent business cycle and inflation. Due to poor theoretical foundations of monetary integration the analysis refers to the experience of the member countries of the euro zone. The conclusions give premises for an assessment whether it is advisable for Poland to join the euro zone.
Abstract: In the context of European integration, the competitiveness of EU companies is very important due to the dynamics of international developments. The economic freedom index is one of the most important indexes on the basis of which the global economies are ranked, assessing the 12 measures of economic freedom (divided into four main categories) and grouping the countries according to the best conditions for the development of enterprises (defining them as liberal economies), then good, average and those that are completely non-marketable (illiberal) and do not create opportunities for growth for their businesses. The aim of the article is to classify the 28 EU countries into individual groups and to characterize them in comparison to the five countries of the world that create the best and worst development conditions for their businesses.
Abstract: The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the diversity of the European Union in terms of eco-innovation. Considering the significant impact of eco-innovation on the economic development and competitiveness of the economy, the European Commission has established the Eco-Innovation Observatory. Since 2010, it has been operating as part of the General Directorate for the Environment and publishes the index Eco-Innovation Scoreboard, which shows the eco-innovation of the EU Member States in relation to the EU average. Using classical and positional statistical measures, an analysis of the diversification of the eco-innovation level of the European Union Member States in 2010-2016 was carried out and the trends of changes in this differentiation were identified. In the further part of the article an attempt was made to analyze the distribution of the eco-innovation index. However, based on the results, it was impossible to determine a uniform distribution of variables for the studied period or to determine the concentration for the entire research period.
Abstract: The aim of the article is to present green economy and green entrepreneurship. The green entrepreneurship is a necessary ‘tool’ to economy development. The article refers green entrepreneurship for the excluded and their influence to the economy of selected European Union countries, including Poland. The aim of the study is to systematize the knowledge of participation green jobs for green entrepreneurship for the excluded. The methodology used is based on an analysis of available domestic and foreign literature and analysis of statistical data. This article refers to the most accepted approaches towards greening economy, which is based on sustainable development concept. The article presents an analysis based on selected definition of green entrepreneurship of possible prevention unemployment in Poland and chosen EU countries (Ireland, Italy and Germany).
01 maja 2024
